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Primarias. Santorum esperanzador
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Si América no se ha convertido en estos tristes años en algo demasiado parecido a Europa, podrá liderar Occidente hacia mejores días
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| por
GEES,
09 de Febrero de 2012
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Siria (II): los motivos de China y Rusia
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En la lógica del borrador propuesto está el que, de no hacer Assad la transición a la democracia que se le exige y en caso de no apartarse del poder, si siguieran los disturbios y la represión del régimen, el Consejo estaría obligado, por coherencia con lo aprobado con anterioridad, a autorizar la intervención militar a fin de imponer el “diálogo político”
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| por
Emilio Campmany,
09 de Febrero de 2012
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Siria. Geopolítica y derechos humanos
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Norteamericanos y británicos han cerrado sus embajadas en Damasco. España y otros países han llamado a consultas a sus embajadores. No será suficiente, ni para frenar el derramamiento de sangre ni para contrarrestar la influencia rusa.
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| por
GEES,
08 de Febrero de 2012
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Siria (I): las razones de Putin
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Las razones de Putin tanto las ideológicas como las estratégicas, son tan coherentes como contundentes. ¿Con qué capacidad de éxito oponer a su política las buenas intenciones euroatlánticas?
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| por
Óscar Elía Mañú,
08 de Febrero de 2012
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Historia. España, una nación normal
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Los españoles en nada debemos avergonzarnos de nuestro pasado, de nuestras tradiciones, creencias y cultura. Al contrario, creemos que son un activo a tener en cuenta, y desde luego, creemos que nuestro pasado tiene más luces que sombras.
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GEES,
07 de Febrero de 2012
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EEUU. De Florida al Supermartes
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La gloriosa movilización conservadora de las elecciones del medio mandato del 2010 se ha esfumado y con ella el movimiento del Tea Party, que es el gran ausente de este ciclo.
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GEES,
06 de Febrero de 2012
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Primarias EEUU. Lo que traerá febrero
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Lo único que unifica todas las citas electorales es que a diferencia de las de enero, todas son proporcionales; no es el ganador el que se lleva todos los delegados, sino cada uno según los votos obtenidos.
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| por
Manuel Coma,
05 de Febrero de 2012
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Cumbre UE. El tratado de Merkel
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Europa, y Estados Unidos, necesitan además convencerse de que este requiere menor intervención pública en la economía.
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| por
GEES,
03 de Febrero de 2012
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La defensa en tiempos de crisis
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Las anteriores propuestas no forman unos números clausus sino que pretenden provocar un debate generador de ideas que pueda mejorar la toma de decisiones, éstas deberán incrementar la eficiencia de las capacidades de las FFAA
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| por
Jesús de Salvador,
02 de Febrero de 2012
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María San Gil o la batalla contra ETA
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La perversión conceptual que tiene lugar en el País Vasco y que se traduce en que un buen número de ocasiones los verdugos pasen a la categoría de víctimas y éstas a la de victimarios. Al respecto, era habitual la aparición de pintadas contra Gregorio Ordóñez
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Alfredo Crespo Alcázar,
02 de Febrero de 2012
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EEUU. Reducir personal es lo fácil
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Tres semanas después de que Obama presentara la "nueva orientación estratégica de Estados Unidos", el secretario de Defensa, Leon Panetta, ha concretado en qué consistirán los próximos recortes en el presupuesto del Pentágono.
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GEES,
01 de Febrero de 2012
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La Florida de Romney
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Los ataques contra Gingrich hacen mella, porque básicamente revelan vulnerabilidades reales: una brillante inteligencia pero una personalidad deplorable, con muchos borrones en su historial. Romney ha resistido mucho mejor los puyazos.
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| por
Manuel Coma,
31 de Enero de 2012
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EEUU. Estado de la Unión, estado del mundo
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El ritual discurso sobre el Estado de la Unión de los presidentes americanos a finales de cada mes de enero es obviamente oficialista, pero es observado minuciosamente dentro y fuera del país. El de Obama el pasado martes 24 tiene un fuerte sesgo electora.
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| por
GEES,
31 de Enero de 2012
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Reposicionamiento electoral de los islamistas en Argelia
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Décadas de violencia terrorista yihadista en Argelia están ahí como realidad, pero el trabajo de campo de los islamistas manipulando el Islam en el seno de una sociedad tradicional como es la argelina, en la que la inoculación de los valores islamistas viene como hemos visto de antiguo, se ha acentuado en los últimos tiempos
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| por
Carlos Echeverría Jesús,
30 de Enero de 2012
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La revolución del Estado de Bienestar
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Un crecimiento de la economía del 2% anual sostenido en el tiempo no servirá para compensar el crecimiento del gasto social tal como está configurado en la actualidad, de manera que es hora de plantear reformas rigurosas en materia de sanidad y pensiones
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| por
Enrique Navarro,
30 de Enero de 2012
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Afganistán. El 'no-surge' de Obama
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Sí sabemos que la surge de Bush en Irak mejoró con mucho la seguridad de aquel país que la no-surge de Obama en Afganistán. Un tanto más para George W.
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| por
GEES,
28 de Enero de 2012
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Terrorismo. Garantismo europeo e islamismo radical
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Cuatro casos de amparo jurídico y político al islamismo radical en el Viejo Continente. Un signo de debilidad que puede repetirse con más frecuencia, a la luz de la pujanza de los movimientos islamistas de distintos países.
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GEES,
27 de Enero de 2012
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Merkel aguanta. Presión total
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Merkel, aguanta, Obama cállate. Y nosotros a lo nuestro, que es hacerlo lo mejor posible, y rezar por el resultado.
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| por
GEES,
26 de Enero de 2012
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Obama, contra el uno por ciento
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Con mayorías absolutas en las cámaras podía olvidarse de la retórica de superar divisiones y buscar consensos. Haría lo que le diese su ideológica y presidencial gana.
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| por
Manuel Coma,
26 de Enero de 2012
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Clausewitz, sobre la estrategia
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El error de reducir la guerra a una o varios aspectos de ella, olvidando su carácter complejo e histórico. ¿cómo olvidarlo cuando se abre paso la tentación de concluir que los vehículos no tripulados decidirán el resultado de una guerra, la de imaginar guerras futuristas determinadas por ciberataques o la guerra de las galaxias, o la de reducir una guerra a simple lucha por el petróleo?
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| por
Óscar Elía Mañú,
25 de Enero de 2012
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Los límites de la UME
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Desde su creación, la UME se ha convertido en la niña mimada del Ministerio de Defensa, hasta el punto de que se ha comido gran parte del esfuerzo inversor en los últimos años.
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| por
GEES,
25 de Enero de 2012
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Chávez. Venezuela ante el ‘hecho biológico’
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En estos años, Chávez ha convertido su país en un refugio y una plataforma para grupos terroristas como las FARC, narcotraficantes, técnicos cubanos, agentes iraníes y hasta etarras.
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| por
GEES,
24 de Enero de 2012
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Las elecciones francesas, en el centro de Europa
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Las circunstancias de Francia garantizan algo más que una campaña de debates superficiales y resultado incierto. Si a ellas se añade su carácter central en Europa, su condición de fundadora de la Unión europea, su posición militar e internacional, su desinhibición en la defensa de sus intereses, su lengua y la proyección universal de su revolución, las consecuencias potencialmente graves sobrevuelan el conjunto de Europa
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| por
Juan F. Carmona y Choussat,
24 de Enero de 2012
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Irán. Embargo "a la europea"
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La línea roja, sin retorno, del programa nuclear está mucho más cerca –si no la hemos cruzado ya– y harán falta medidas más dolorosas que un embargo en cómodos plazos contra los ayatolás
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| por
Óscar Elía Mañú,
24 de Enero de 2012
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La España errante
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A dónde hemos llegado, o donde hemos caído, no es producto de oscuras fuerzas del destino sino como consecuencia de nefastas decisiones políticas. Las malas ideas siempre producen pésimos resultados.
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| por
Rafael L. Bardají,
23 de Enero de 2012
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Primarias EEUU. El factor Gingrich
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Romney aparece demasiado blando y dubitativo en la defensa de su experiencia empresarial y en cuanto a hacer pública su declaración de hacienda, mientras que Gingrich se defiende atacando como un león a esos medios de izquierdas que sistemáticamente humillan a los conservadores con su arrogante desdén.
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| por
GEES,
23 de Enero de 2012
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Primarias. Gingrich y el conservadurismo
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Ni la experiencia ostentosa de Gingrich ni el entusiasta empuje del nuevo conservadurismo social serían suficientes contra Obama. Pero unidos constituyen una pesadilla, tanto para el establishment republicano como para el obamismo
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| por
Óscar Elía Mañú,
23 de Enero de 2012
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España. Las Fuerzas Armadas y sus misiones
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Con el progresivo final de las misiones humanitarias y la crisis de las alianzas internacionales, aún más que en las últimas dos décadas, el norte de África será el escenario más plausible de actuación militar española en defensa de territorio nacional.
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| por
GEES,
21 de Enero de 2012
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Primarias EEUU. Incertidumbre
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El nerviosismo crece entre los directivos del partido, que dudan entre seguir aferrados a Romney como mal menor, pero por el que pueden hacer poco porque para eso están las primarias, o intentar la arriesgadísima maniobra de lanzar un nuevo campeón de entre los pesos pesados que renunciaron a competir.
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| por
Manuel Coma,
21 de Enero de 2012
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Terrorismo. Al Qaeda recupera protagonismo
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Al Qaeda sigue ahí, confirmando su estrategia global y buscando ocasiones para imponerse tanto a sus enemigos declarados como a tantos y tantos indiferentes.
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| por
GEES,
20 de Enero de 2012
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Crisis de crecimiento. ¿Eje hispano-alemán?
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Unir nuestro proyecto a la “locomotora” no es solo lo correcto, es la mejor manera de recuperar el poder dilapidado en Europa por el gobierno anterior, partidario del gasto y el consumo, en lugar del ahorro y la inversión.
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| por
GEES,
19 de Enero de 2012
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La España dignada
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Los españoles lo que quieren no es una España "indignada", enfadada, vociferante, envidiosa y revanchista, sino una España dignada, caracterizada precisamente por todo lo contrario. Que es la única España capaz de afrontar los retos que el siglo XXI deparará a nuestra nación
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| por
Óscar Elía Mañú
y
Rafael L. Bardají,
18 de Enero de 2012
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Haití. Maldita ayuda
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Pero los haitianos ya no les quieren, no quieren a estos trabajadores humanitarios con sus utilitarios blancos. Tampoco quieren saber nada de la ONU ni de su misión MINUSTAH. Desde 1993 se ha desplegado hasta en ocho ocasiones y con escasos resultados, en parte por sus débiles mandatos y en parte por sus errores y malas prácticas lo que ha alentado la desconfianza en ellos.
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| por
GEES,
18 de Enero de 2012
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USA: encogimiento estratégico
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Obama llegó a la Casa Blanca con una sólida fe en muchos de los dogmas antiamericanos y un rechazo, o una reinterpretación radical, de los valores que históricamente han labrado la grandeza del país y su posición en el mundo.
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| por
GEES,
17 de Enero de 2012
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Política y coraje
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Otro cambio, el cambio tan esperado, justo y necesario para nuestra España, es lo que ansían ver. ¿Para cuándo, por ejemplo, el relevo en el CNI?
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| por
Rafael L. Bardají,
16 de Enero de 2012
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"Caso Ferguson": La arrogancia turca
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¿Que dirían si el Vaticano quisiera llevar a juicio a los periodistas que han escrito sobre la pedofilia?. Éste es el doble rasero de los medios occidentales: si es un gobierno islamista “moderado” el que lo hace, no hay ni quejas ni comentarios
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| por
Eduard Yitzhak,
16 de Enero de 2012
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Misión española. Bétera en Kabul
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el Cuartel de Bétera encuentra un país con la transferencia de la seguridad avanzada. En julio de 2011 comenzó la transferencia de provincias enteras al Gobierno afgano de Karzai. ¿Está preparado éste para hacerse cargo? Pocos afirman que sí. La formación de policías y militares afganos –misión fundamental de ISAF– se resiente por el altísimo analfabetismo y el enorme número de deserciones entre los reclutas, en torno al 30%.
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| por
GEES,
14 de Enero de 2012
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Obama y Bush de la mano
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Paradójicamente, después de tres años en el despacho oval, las políticas de la administración Obama para la derrota del terrorismo se sitúan prácticamente en las antípodas de lo prometido…y en la próxima vecindad de las de Bush
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| por
Ignacio F. Ibáñez Ferrándiz,
13 de Enero de 2012
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Mediterráneo. Auge islamista
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En todos estos países el islamismo está adquiriendo velocidad de crucero, y Haniyah constata con su presencia que una nueva realidad está emergiendo.
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| por
GEES,
13 de Enero de 2012
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Crecer, único problema. La vía europea
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El acuerdo griego de octubre es ya insuficiente, la recesión acecha y los tratados para controlar presupuestos y apoderar al fondo llegan tarde. Además el relleno del FMI que serviría para préstamos de último recurso que Alemania se niega a proporcionar al BCE no acaban de desembolsarse y esta hace depender su contribución de la inglesa.
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| por
GEES,
12 de Enero de 2012
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Energía. Visto bueno a SouthStream
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El interés ruso por el proyecto Southstream responde a una estrategia clara: diversificar los caminos de entrada del gas a la Unión Europea, donde vende el 80% del gas que exporta.
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| por
GEES,
10 de Enero de 2012
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«Momentums» en juego
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El impulso de Iowa, empatando con Romney, le ha permitido a Santorum multiplicar por más de dos sus magras perspectivas, algo por encima del 10%. Por ahí se andan Gingrich y Huntsman, pues el gobernador de Tejas, Rick Perry, no reaparece hasta Carolina del Sur
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| por
Manuel Coma,
10 de Enero de 2012
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Primarias USA. New Hampshire, segunda estación
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El campo republicano es una colección de nombres en perpetuo movimiento. El martes 10 volverán a reclasificarse en New Hampshire, la primera primaria propiamente dicha, en zona demócrata (Nueva Inglaterra), y con un republicanismo poco conservador.
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| por
GEES,
09 de Enero de 2012
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Política, defensa y economía
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España está más sola y menos segura y los problemas tenderán a agravarse. El Ministerio de Defensa no tiene ya que cuadrar el círculo de hacer más con menos, tiene que decidir qué quiere hacer y por qué. Una nueva Revisión Estratégica de la Defensa podría ser un buen camino para ello.
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| por
Rafael L. Bardají,
09 de Enero de 2012
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Camino a New Hampshire
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Los próximos días y semanas decidirán más que ayer. Si Romney se separa contundentemente de Santorum en la más favorable consulta de New Hampshire el martes, y si apuntala el liderazgo en Carolina del Sur diez días después, la nominación será prácticamente suya. Pero aún habría otra oportunidad para candidatos como Gingrich, que tras los malos resultados del martes parece esperar a lanzarse de nuevo a la contienda tan pronto uno de los dos deje un hueco.
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| por
Óscar Elía Mañú,
09 de Enero de 2012
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Oriente Medio. El otoño turco
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Estos países parecen estar transitando desde unos regímenes autoritarios a otros aún menos respetuosos con los derechos humanos: de lo malo a lo peor. Los procesos democráticos que están viviendo les depararán aún menos libertades: el dicho "Un hombre, un voto, una sola vez" parece pensado para la primavera árabe.
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| por
GEES,
07 de Enero de 2012
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Magreb. Transformación radical
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El nuevo año comienza con un Magreb muy distinto al de las mismas fechas de 2011. Entonces nos preocupaba el avance de las revueltas en Túnez, iniciadas el 17 de diciembre de 2010; y que se produjeran otras similares en Argelia debido a un incremento exponencial del precio de los productos básicos.
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| por
GEES,
06 de Enero de 2012
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Estados Unidos. Iowa
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Iowa nunca nombra, aventa. Esta es la extraña frase con que los comentaristas americanos describen la función del caucus de dicho estado. Tiene baja capacidad predictiva sobre quién va a ser el candidato definitivo –especialmente entre los republicanos–, pero sirve para separar el grano de la paja;
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| por
GEES,
05 de Enero de 2012
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Nigeria. Navidades teñidas de sangre
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A la inseguridad hay que añadir la duplicación del precio de la gasolina, con el consiguiente descontento de la población, y el establecimiento del estado de emergencia en varias provincias. Todo, en un país que dicen los expertos será muy pronto el próximo BRIC africano.
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| por
GEES,
04 de Enero de 2012
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El gran «show»
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Las elecciones americanas se han ido convirtiendo en el mayor espectáculo del mundo, al menos mediático. El tirón espectacular se ha seguido manteniendo en el 2011, a pesar de la ausencia de personajes carismáticos y antes del comienzo de la competencia entre partidos.
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| por
Manuel Coma,
04 de Enero de 2012
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Suspenso. Primavera árabe
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Occidente debe exigir a los nuevos gobernantes, egipcios, tunecinos o libios –además de los que puedan venir después– el respeto escrupuloso a determinados principios imprescindibles: igualdad de sexos ante la ley, libertad religiosa y relaciones pacíficas en la región.
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| por
GEES,
31 de Diciembre de 2011
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Egipto. Confirmados los peores augurios
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Bueno es observar a líderes crecidos, arrogantes cuando se olvidan de disimular, como Mohamed Badie (Hermanos Musulmanes) o Emad Abdel Ghafour (Al Nur) para visualizar lo que les espera a los egipcios y, por extensión, a sus vecinos próximos y lejanos.
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| por
GEES,
30 de Diciembre de 2011
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De la primavera al invierno
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Lo ocurrido en septiembre, con gobernantes corruptos, violentos y justificadores del terrorismo recibidos en Naciones Unidas, muestra la debilidad política occidental ante los cambios en el mundo árabe, y la posibilidad de que la tensión aumente de la mano de gobernantes, como los cisjordanos y gacenses, que en otras circunstancias y países, en Túnez, Egipto o Libia, habían sido borrados del mapa.
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| por
GEES,
29 de Diciembre de 2011
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Cooperación franco-británica. Entente frugale
|
Hace poco más de un año Francia y el Reino Unido daban un importante paso en materia de defensa firmando un amplio acuerdo de cooperación militar. Sarkozy y Cameron pretendían así aliviar las consecuencias de los ajustes presupuestarios con un esfuerzo que les permitiera ahorrar muchos millones y, por otro lado, les consintiera mantener cierto poderío militar que respaldara sus ambiciones como potencias europeas.
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| por
GEES,
28 de Diciembre de 2011
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La solución del Ministerio de Defensa es Política
|
Condición inexcusable, para proceder con las reformas hay que cambiar a todo el equipo político-administrativo militar de estos siete últimos años. Cualquier reforma es imposible con los actuales mimbres; hay excelentes militares que pueden cumplir con estas funciones con honestidad y profesionalidad. No deberían pasar semanas hasta haber nombrado una nueva cúpula militar y todos los directores generales y gabinetes.
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| por
Enrique Navarro,
28 de Diciembre de 2011
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Nuevas fronteras. Poder y debilidad
|
España tiene que marcarse nuevas fronteras. Y no sólo en lo económico. Es obvio que nuestras empresas y trabajadores deberán ir allí a donde hay dinero, capital, mercados y trabajo. Pero no debe ser menos obvio que España debe forjar nuevas alianzas estratégicas con aquellos países que van a ser el motor de la economía y, finalmente, del poder mundial.
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| por
GEES,
27 de Diciembre de 2011
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Inconsciencia de la defensa
|
Pocos líderes piensan que para ser un país de prestigio y peso internacional hay que contar con una defensa robusta y moderna; pocos se aprestan a afirmar públicamente que el sector industrial de la defensa es clave y estratégico para el futuro tecnológico de la nación.
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| por
Rafael L. Bardají,
26 de Diciembre de 2011
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Política Exterior. Nuevas fronteras para España
|
Más allá de Europa, el concurso español en Iberoamérica seguirá siendo necesario, lo mismo que recomponer el vínculo con los Estados Unidos. Pero en una época de verdadera globalización, con los intereses españoles desparramados por todo el mundo, no estaría de más situar nuevos horizontes y nuevas fronteras para nuestras relaciones internacionales, que van a ser más bilaterales que nunca.
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| por
GEES,
24 de Diciembre de 2011
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Televisiones islámicas. España, plataforma para saudíes e iraníes
|
La inmigración musulmana en suelo occidental, particularmente en Europa donde desde el enfermizo análisis salafista reina la impiedad y la depravación, ha sido tradicionalmente objetivo prioritario para tan puritana visión, y ahora gracias a "Córdoba Televisión" lo va a ser la instalada en suelo español e iberoamericano.
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| por
GEES,
23 de Diciembre de 2011
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Los iraquíes, por donde solían
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Ahora Maliki los amenaza con formar un gabinete de mayoría, lo que hay que interpretar como exclusivamente suní. Eso podría significar reabrir la guerra civil en la que el conflicto de Irak degeneró a lo largo del 2006 y que llevó a Bush a un exitoso cambio de estrategia. ¿Quién salva ahora a Irak?
|
| por
Manuel Coma,
22 de Diciembre de 2011
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Pedro Morenés. Experiencia en Defensa
|
Tendrá encima de su mesa un gran reto: convencer al Gobierno de que el Ministerio no puede afrontar la deuda acumulada por los programas que él mismo impulsó y convencer al ministro de Hacienda de que sin arreglar esta situación no hay defensa posible.
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| por
GEES,
22 de Diciembre de 2011
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Inmigración: retos pendientes
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España se encuentra en estos momentos antes un reto complejo pero no imposible. Su éxito dependerá en buena medida del trabajo que desarrolle el nuevo equipo de gobierno. Los españoles- tanto los nacionales como los que llegan- tenemos la obligación de sumarnos a este apasionante proyecto si queremos que el futuro sea nuestro
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Ana Ortiz,
21 de Diciembre de 2011
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Kim Jong Il: la herencia del tirano
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China, no obstante, tiene en Corea del Norte un problema más que a un aliado. Cualquier problema supondría como mínimo una crisis humanitaria que afectaría a China y una situación que conllevaría perjuicios en sus relaciones con Japón y Corea del Sur con quien comparte intereses económicos
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Gerardo del Caz,
21 de Diciembre de 2011
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Kim Jong Il. Mucha calma
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Es un momento delicado. El tirano norcoreano Kim Jong Il ha muerto dejando un país nuclearizado y extremadamente pobre en manos de su joven e inexperto hijo.
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GEES,
21 de Diciembre de 2011
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¿Abusa Obama de los drones?
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Obama está combatiendo a sus enemigos apoyándose casi exclusivamente en los furtivos drones de reconocimiento y ataque. Quizá así consiga seguir separándose del legado de Bush, que sí colocaba tropas sobre el terreno, sin ahorrarse los disgustos.
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GEES,
20 de Diciembre de 2011
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Cambio de dictadores
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Lo malo del régimen norcoreano es su absoluta opacidad. Lo bueno es que en su tremenda rigidez resulta previsible. Siempre engaña en los acuerdos internacionales, pero con los mismos trucos.
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Manuel Coma,
20 de Diciembre de 2011
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Esperanza y libertad
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Defender a Israel es defendernos a nosotros mismos de la ola de la islamismo que inunda toda la región, de Marruecos a Afganistán; estrechar la cooperación con Israel significa mejorar nuestra capacidad tecnológica y de innovación gracias a la experiencia de las empresas de aquel país; podemos aprender cómo mejorar nuestra inteligencia, la lucha antiterrorista, el entrenamiento de nuestras fuerzas armadas, la gestión del agua, las investigaciones médicas, la gestión del conocimiento.
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Rafael L. Bardají,
19 de Diciembre de 2011
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Retirada. Las dos guerras de Irak
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Irak han sido dos guerras. La que se desarrolló sobre el terreno con medios militares y prácticas terroristas y una segunda que tuvo lugar a escala universal contra la anterior, en los medios y en la política doméstica de muchos países distantes del escenario bélico, inflamadamente ideológica e incruenta, pero con consecuencias letales para los implicados directamente en el conflicto.
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GEES,
19 de Diciembre de 2011
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¿Por fin un Consejo de Seguridad Nacional?
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La Estrategia de Seguridad aprobada a última hora por el gobierno Zapatero, que incluye mención a un posible Consejo, adolece de los vicios del solanismo: la farragosa burocracia, la falta de ambición y la acomodación a todos los vicios y defectos que un órgano así debiera ayudar a solucionar.
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GEES,
17 de Diciembre de 2011
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El poder sindical y la reforma pendiente
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La situación de emergencia de nuestra economía y la presión de Bruselas y del Banco Central Europeo pueden ofrecer una oportunidad histórica para romper de una vez nuestros rígidos esquemas laborables y sindicales
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Carlos Bustelo,
16 de Diciembre de 2011
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Secuestro. Ceremonia de confusión
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Este secuestro confirma de nuevo la volatilidad de la región, con AQMI como principal amenaza pero con escisiones del terrorismo –una de ellas actuó en Rabuni– y conexiones que siempre han existido con el mundo de la delincuencia organizada.
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GEES,
16 de Diciembre de 2011
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Retirada oficial de Estados Unidos. ¡Ahí te quedas, Irak!
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Obama deja a Irak a los pies de los ayatolás vecinos, desesperados por el pésimo ejemplo que la revuelta popular árabe representa para su población, y por el muy probable desmoronamiento de su imprescindible aliado, el despótico régimen de la familia Al Assad en Siria.
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Manuel Coma,
16 de Diciembre de 2011
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Acuerdo europeo. Milagro no, esfuerzo
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Esta es, ciertamente, una solución formal, pero la UE no podía dar otra. El único remedio sustancial es la recuperación del crecimiento y la menor adicción a la deuda. Costará esfuerzo, tardará años, y será obra de las naciones. Y no puede producirlo ningún milagro de crédito artificial impropio de un organismo público.
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GEES,
15 de Diciembre de 2011
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Irán. Los irresistibles drones
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Los drones han dado lugar a una nueva carrera armamentística sin saber aún muy bien dónde nos llevará. Lo que parece claro es que la supuesta captura del UAV por parte de los iraníes tampoco va a ser el fin del mundo.
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GEES,
14 de Diciembre de 2011
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España en Líbano
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Pocos dudan del rearme de Hezbollah desde 2006, y del estrepitoso fracaso de la resolución 1701 de la ONU para el país, que decretaba el total desarme de todos los grupos y milicias entre el Litani y la Línea Azul.
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GEES,
13 de Diciembre de 2011
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Salvar Europa
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Hemos acabado con la ficción de que era posible disfrutar de una moneda única sin una política fiscal común. Eso supone sin duda ceder parte de nuestra soberanía económica, pero la alternativa de salir del Euro supone para un país como España un coste inasumible.
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Ignacio Cosidó,
12 de Diciembre de 2011
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Elecciones EEUU. Obama, guerrero de clase
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Lo que llama la atención de la política americana vista desde España es la apelación exclusiva a las clases medias, las auténticas víctimas de la codicia de ese 1%. El obrerismo no paga en la política americana, por más que los sindicatos –pero especialmente los de empleados públicos– sean un soporte esencial de las campañas demócratas y objeto de los favores legislativos y presidenciales del partido.
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GEES,
12 de Diciembre de 2011
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Soledad espléndida
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Esta UE posterior al 9 de diciembre ya no es lo que era. Sus poderes formales no coinciden más con los poderes reales y no actuar en consecuencia es un error que pagaremos más pronto que tarde.
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Rafael L. Bardají,
12 de Diciembre de 2011
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Reformas para el CNI
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El problema del CNI es estructural: los cambios aplicados en 1996 por el PP se quedaron cortos, y después han resurgido sus peores vicios. De ahí la necesidad de afrontar los cambios necesarios en nuestra inteligencia que entonces se quedaron sin hacer.
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GEES,
10 de Diciembre de 2011
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Seguimos en Afganistán
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España debe tener las ideas claras de para qué, con quién al lado y con qué medios actuar a partir de ahora
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GEES,
09 de Diciembre de 2011
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La extensión de la sharía por Europa
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En Europa están proliferando movimientos extremistas de este tipo, como Ahlu Sunah Wa Jammah, que cree que si se castigara los delitos como en Arabia Saudí o Irán, la tasa de criminalidad en Dinamarca se reduciría significativamente
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Óscar Pérez Ventura ,
09 de Diciembre de 2011
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Rusia: la revolución blanca
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El problema se le presentará a Putin en marzo, con las elecciones presidenciales. Incluso la gente de Osetia del Sur, anexionados y rusos desde la guerra con Georgia, le han dado la espalda. Represión o derrota, esa es su elección. Para todos los que creían en una nueva Rusia, el sueño se ha acabado.
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Rafael L. Bardají,
09 de Diciembre de 2011
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Cumbre europea. A corto plazo, todos memos
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Desde que empezó la crisis de la burbuja occidental vivimos obsesionados con la urgencia mientras dejamos pasar oportunidades para revitalizar el crecimiento, lo único esencial.
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GEES,
08 de Diciembre de 2011
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Setenta años del “Día de la infamia”
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Hoy, siete de diciembre de 2011, se conmemora el setenta aniversario del denominado “día de la infamia” como lo calificara el presidente Roostvelt. Japón atacó Pearl Harbour con el inequívoco objetivo estratégico de aniquilar la flota americana en el Pacífico y dejar vía libre a la expansión japonesa en el continente.
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Enrique Navarro,
07 de Diciembre de 2011
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Iberoamérica. Sopa de letras chavista
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El mundo actual camina hacia un predominio de los intereses nacionales sobre los regionales e ideológicos. También Iberoamérica, por mucho que le pese a Chávez.
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GEES,
07 de Diciembre de 2011
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Implementation of the NPT Safeguards
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| Implementation of the NPT Safeguards |
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This report of the Director General to the Board of Governors and, in parallel, to the Security
Council, is on the implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement1 and relevant provisions of Security
Council resolutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran).
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Transatlantic Trends 2011 Partners.
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| Transatlantic Trends 2011 Partners. |
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In a year of tumult and upheaval, with political revolutions
in the Middle East and North Africa, natural catastrophes in Japan, economic turmoil in Europe and the United States, the killing of Osama bin Laden, and heated debates over NATO, Transatlantic Trends paints a picture of a complex relationship between the United States and Europe and how they respond to global challenges. Transatlantic Trends shows that people respond to complexity with nuance rather than simplification.
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The Security and Defense Agenda (Future of NATO). U.S. Department of Defense, June 10, 2011
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| The Security and Defense Agenda (Future of NATO). U.S. Department of Defense, June 10, 2011 |
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Thank you, Mr. Secretary General, Jaap, for that kind introduction.
And my thanks to Giles Merritt and the Security and Defense Agenda for the opportunity to speak here today. This is Day 11 of an 11-day international trip so you can understand why I am very much looking forward to getting home. But I am glad – at this time, in this venue – to share some thoughts with you this morning about the transatlantic security relationship in what will be my last policy speech as U.S. defense secretary.
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Global Forecast 2011, CIS 2011
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| Global Forecast 2011, CIS 2011 |
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We have witnessed a number of significant challenges to international security in recent years. Some crises have arisen so quickly and with so little warning that national security professionals have had difficulty responding in ways that maintain strategic balance. Other challenges have
emerged so slowly and over such a vast scale that near-term options appear limited. How to determine in real time what is a tectonic shift and what is merely a low-magnitude tremor? How to anticipate events and set clear policy goals at a time of such dynamism?
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EU-U.S. Security Strategies. IAI, UI, FRS, CSIS, and European Union. March, 2011
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| EU-U.S. Security Strategies. IAI, UI, FRS, CSIS, and European Union. March, 2011 |
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The partnership between the European Union (EU) and the United States is of central importance in addressing a multitude of complex global challenges. Despite recurrent ups and downs, EU-U.S. cooperation remains the most economically significant and integrated relationship in the world. Europe and the United States have long been drivers of global economic prosperity, accounting for half of
the world’s gross domestic product (GDP), 40 percent of trade, and 80 percent of official development assistance. Yet it has been the political and security arenas that have always provided the crucial test of the partnership’s
effectiveness, durability, and solidarity. The capstone of this partnership was the inauguration of the New Transatlantic Agenda in 1995, which has emerged as a core element of the transatlantic relationship by promoting and
encouraging a transatlantic response to global security challenges and promoting, inter alia, peace and stability.
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Speech by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress
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| Speech by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress |
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Israel has no better friend than America. And America has no better friend than Israel. We stand together to defend democracy. We stand together to advance peace. We stand together to fight terrorism. Congratulations America, Congratulations, Mr. President. You got bin Laden. Good riddance!
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Moving into a Post-Western World. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011
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| Moving into a Post-Western World. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011 |
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The ‘‘unipolar moment’’ that followed the Cold War was expected to start an era. Not only was the preponderance of U.S. power beyond question, the facts of that preponderance appeared to exceed the reach of any competitor. America’s superior capabilities (military, but also economic and institutional) that no other country could match or approximate in toto, its global interests which no other power could share in full, and its universal saliency confirmed that the United States was the only country with all the assets needed to act decisively wherever it chose to be involved. What was missing, however, was a purpose- a national will to enforce a strategy of preponderance that would satisfy U.S. interests and values without offending those of its allies and friends. That purpose was unleashed after the horrific events of September 11, 2001. Now, however, the moment is over, long before any era had the time to get started.
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Los medios de comunicación de Al-Qaeda y su evolución estratégica. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, febrero 2011
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| Los medios de comunicación de Al-Qaeda y su evolución estratégica. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, febrero 2011 |
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Los medios de comunicación juegan un papel relevante en el estilo de vida de cualquier sociedad moderna en la medida que sus labores informativas a nivel nacional como en la esfera internacional aportan conocimiento, nos ilustran y nos hacen llegar todo tipo de informaciones, y de manera especial las relativas a las actividades terroristas que vienen produciéndose por todo el mundo, por ser consideradas una amenaza a la seguridad internacional.
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El Alto Representante Civil de la OTAN en Afganistán
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| El Alto Representante Civil de la OTAN en Afganistán |
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Hace ya un año que el diplomático británico Mark Sedwill ocupa el puesto de Alto Representante Civil1 de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN) en Afganistán, un nombramiento que precedió –sin sorpresas aparentes– a la Conferencia Internacional sobre Afganistán celebrada en Londres a finales de enero de 2010.
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The Next Supreme Leader. Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran. RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2011
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| The Next Supreme Leader. Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran. RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2011 |
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As the commander in chief and highest political authority in Iran, the current Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has played a critical role in the direction of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This has never been more true than during the tumultuous 2009 presidential elections,
the outcome of which was determined by Khamenei’s decisive
support of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
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People’s Liberation Army. Air Force 2010. National Air & Space Intelligence Center, August 1, 2010
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| People’s Liberation Army. Air Force 2010. National Air & Space Intelligence Center, August 1, 2010 |
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The subsequent chapters of this handbook will take the reader inside the PLAAF as an institution: its history, organization, personnel, and platforms. It will describe how the PLAAF recruits, educates, and trains its personnel. Also covered will be many of the unique institutional attributes of the PLAAF, such as the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the military. Before doing so, however, it is important to provide a larger context for the environment in which the PLAAF operates as an institution, for it does not exist in a vacuum. Many of the most significant reforms and initiatives the PLAAF has undergone in recent years, and which it continues to pursue, are the result of changes mandated from above across all of the organizations that comprise the greater
PLA. This chapter provides that larger context.
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The National Military Strategy of United States of America, 2011. Department of Defense, February 8, 2011
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| The National Military Strategy of United States of America, 2011. Department of Defense, February 8, 2011 |
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The ongoing shifts in relative power and increasing interconnectedness in the international order indicate a strategic inflection point. This requires America’s
foreign policy to employ an adaptive blend of diplomacy, development, and defense. While the strength of our military will continue to underpin national security, we must continuously adapt our approaches to how we exercise
power. Leadership is how we exercise the full spectrum of power to defend our national interests and advance international security and stability.
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Condemnation of violence against Christians is politically incorrect. EU Foreign Ministers, February 04, 2011
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| Condemnation of violence against Christians is politically incorrect. EU Foreign Ministers, February 04, 2011 |
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At their recent meeting in Brussels on January 31st, the EU Foreign Ministers rejected a draft resolution condemning the atrocities against Christian minorities in Egypt and Iraq. Although preceded by an unequivocal resolution of the European Parliament (EP) on January 20th and an equally explicit recommendation by the Council of Europe (CoE) on January 27th condemning emphatically the increase of attacks on Christian minorities in the Middle East, Africa and Asia, the Council of Ministers could not agree on the mention of the word ‘Christian’ in their draft statement about the same issue.
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The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Projections for 2010-2030. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, January 27, 2011
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| The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Projections for 2010-2030. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, January 27, 2011 |
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The world’s Muslim population is expected to increase by about 35% in the next 20 years, rising from 1.6 billion in 2010 to 2.2 billion by 2030, according to new population projections by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life.
Globally, the Muslim population is forecast to grow at about twice the rate of the non-Muslim population over the next two decades – an average annual growth rate of 1.5% for Muslims, compared with 0.7% for non-Muslims. If current trends continue, Muslims will make up 26.4% of the world’s total projected population of 8.3 billion in 2030, up from 23.4% of the estimated 2010 world population of 6.9 billion.
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Global Risks 2011. World Economic Forum, January 2011
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| Global Risks 2011. World Economic Forum, January 2011 |
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The world is in no position to face major, new shocks. The financial crisis has reduced global economic resilience,
while increasing geopolitical tension and heightened social concerns suggest that both governments and societies are less able than ever to cope with global challenges. Yet, as this report shows, we face ever-greater concerns regarding global risks, the prospect of rapid contagion through increasingly connected systems and the threat of disastrous impacts.
In this context, Global Risks 2011, Sixth Edition reveals insights stemming from an unparalleled effort on the part of the World Economic Forum to analyse the global risk landscape in the coming decade.
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Shadow Report on intolerance and discrimination against christians in Europe 2005 - 2010. Observatory on Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians, December 2010
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| Shadow Report on intolerance and discrimination against christians in Europe 2005 - 2010. Observatory on Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians, December 2010 |
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The exemplary cases in this report are chosen in view of giving a full picture of the variety of incidents taking place in our day. Some cases are listed in more than one category, depending on their explanatory quality. All cases are portrayed fully on the Observatory’s website www.IntoleranceAgainstChristians.eu. There is no national or European reporting mechanism that would allow us to give clear statistics of frequency or developments over the past years. What we are able to do is to give impressions of the phenomenon, revealing to the reader its diverse aspects and far-reaching scope.
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Informe 2010 sobre Libertad Religiosa en el Mundo. Ayuda a la Iglesia Necesitada, 2010
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| Informe 2010 sobre Libertad Religiosa en el Mundo. Ayuda a la Iglesia Necesitada, 2010 |
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Este Informe de la libertad religiosa, preparado por colaboradores de AIN, ofrece un panorama de inmensa utilidad y oportunidad. En este mismo 2010, un organismo de la mayor trascendencia para la verdad y la justicia en el mundo ha emitido un documento de mucha gravitación. La Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE), al final de junio, tuvo una conferencia de alto nivel en Astana, Kazajistán. Se trata de la mayor organización regional después de las Naciones Unidas. A ella pertenecen 56 Estados de Europa, Asia Central y América del Norte. El jefe de la Delegación de la Santa Sede, el obispo Mario Toso, resumió su visión de las constataciones decantadas en las sesiones de trabajo: “Se dan todavía, en relación con la Iglesia y las comunidades cristianas, así como en relación con otras comunidades
religiosas y sus respectivos miembros, leyes intolerantes e incluso discriminatorias, y se constatan decisiones y comportamientos, tanto activos como de omisión, que niegan esa libertad”.
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Risking NATO. Testing the Limits of the Alliance in Afghanistan. RAND Corporation, 2010
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| Risking NATO. Testing the Limits of the Alliance in Afghanistan. RAND Corporation, 2010 |
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In September 2006, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was assuming overall responsibility for all military operations in Afghanistan, NATO’s military commander, General James Jones, was working feverishly behind the scenes to gain support from partner nations to commit the troops and materiel he felt were necessary to succeed in the new tasks that the alliance had assigned to him. Seemingly with the stroke of a pen, NATO was taking a bold step—and taking on a host of new risks—yet it engaged in endless debates about sending even modest increments of additional troops and equipment to support what was, by any standard, a greatly expanded and extraordinarily difficult mission in Afghanistan.
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U.S. Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan
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| U.S. Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan |
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In Afghanistan, the Taliban regime—al-Qaeda’s sympathetic host—was toppled. In Pakistan, the Pervez Musharraf regime was drafted into Washington’s Global War on Terror.
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A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy. HM Goverment, October 2010
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| A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy. HM Goverment, October 2010 |
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The Coalition Government has given national security the highest priority. One of the Government’s first acts was to create a National Security Council, bringing together all the senior ministers concerned, under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. The National Security Council ensures a strategic and tightly coordinated approach across the whole of government to the risks and opportunities the country faces and gives strategic direction to the efforts of our Armed Forces in Afghanistan to help them succeed in their mission.
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Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review. Her Majesty’s Government, October 2010
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| Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review. Her Majesty’s Government, October 2010 |
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This Strategic Defence and Security Review is long overdue. It is the first time that a UK government has taken decisions on its defence, security, intelligence, resilience, development and foreign affairs capabilities in the round. It sets out the ways and means to deliver the ends set out in the National Security Strategy. It links judgements on where to direct effort and focus the available resources, to choices on which risks and policies to prioritise. It sets a clear target for the national security capabilities the UK will need by 2020, and charts a course for getting there.
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Time for a Strategic and Intellectual Pause in Afghanistan. US Army War College, 2010
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| Time for a Strategic and Intellectual Pause in Afghanistan. US Army War College, 2010 |
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After eight years of increasing involvement in Afghanistan, the US-led Coalition appears to be at an intellectual crossroads. Despite progress in a number of sectors, the tipping point in favor of an irreversible momentum toward functional governance remains elusive. As frustration mounts, Coalition members have become more vocal about their desire to withdraw by a certain deadline rather than seeing the effort through to completion. Ironically, the growing impatience emanates not from any successes by the Taliban but from political and strategic missteps by Afghanistan’s international partners. This article focuses on three misconceptions that deserve greater scrutiny: associating Hearts-and-Minds with government legitimacy, using correlation of forces as the foundation of strategy, and assuming unity of effort is a natural consequence of multinational endeavors.
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If War Comes. Israel vs. Hizballah and Its Allies. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, September 2010
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| If War Comes. Israel vs. Hizballah and Its Allies. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, September 2010 |
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The past several months have seen much discussion of growing tensions between Israel and Hizballah, along with the group’s allies, Syria and Iran. If war does in fact come to Israel’s northern border, it would bear little resemblance to the 2006 conflict in Lebanon. Instead, it would in all likelihood be a transformational, even fateful, event for the region—certainly for Hizballah and Lebanon, probably for Syria, and perhaps even for Iran. Israel and its regional standing would likely undergo substantial alterations as well.
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Rethinking U.S. Strategy in Afganistan. Afganistan Study Group, 2010
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| Rethinking U.S. Strategy in Afganistan. Afganistan Study Group, 2010 |
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At almost nine years, the U.S. war in Afghanistan is the longest in our history, surpassing even the Vietnam War, and it will shortly surpass the Soviet Union’s own extended military campaign there. With the surge, it will cost the U.S. taxpayers nearly $100 billion per year, a sum roughly seven times larger than Afghanistan’s annual gross national product (GNP) of .$14 billion and greater than the total annual cost of the new U.S. health insurance program. Thousands of American and allied personnel have been killed or gravely wounded.
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Transatlantic Trends 2010 Partners. Transatlantic Trends, 2010
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| Transatlantic Trends 2010 Partners. Transatlantic Trends, 2010 |
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Many foreign policy experts hoped that the election of U.S. President Barack Obama would open a new chapter in transatlantic relations after years of European
disagreement with the previous administration — and
last year’s Transatlantic Trends provided some evidence of
this. The survey showed that the new American president
enjoyed significantly higher approval ratings than his predecessor in all countries surveyed — as much as 80 percentage points in some cases. However, there was still concern that these numbers were based on the new president’s relatively short time in office and that the numbers might not hold.
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Britain and France: A Dialogue of Decline? Chatham House, September 2010
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| Britain and France: A Dialogue of Decline? Chatham House, September 2010 |
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The security challenge is daily greater and more complex, the resources available daily tighter as defence expenditure becomes discretionary in an age of austerity. Britain and France are in relative and parallel decline. Thus, sound strategy built on strong partnerships is the prerequisite for influence. Anglo-French defence co-operation is vital. Indeed, joint purpose and effect is the stuff of contemporary strategy for two old powers that together and apart have shaped the modern world for over three hundred years.
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How should Europe respond to sovereign. Centre for European Reform, March 2010
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| How should Europe respond to sovereign. Centre for European Reform, March 2010 |
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A small number of sovereign investors, sometimes originating from countries with nondemocratic governments, are buying shares in Europe’s aerospace and defence sector. Such investors can provide useful capital. But they could also leak sensitive information or interrupt the supply of military equipment to European armed forces.
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The Afghanistan-Pakistan Conundrum. US Army War College, 2010
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| The Afghanistan-Pakistan Conundrum. US Army War College, 2010 |
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War can only be understood holistically. If one focuses on continuity in change, one is near certain to undervalue the change in continuity. One has to be bifocal. Carl von Clausewitz is uncompromising on this matter:
But in war more than in any other subject we must begin by looking at the nature of the whole; for here more than elsewhere the part and the whole must always be thought of together.
The subject of most interest here is future war, all of it. Future war will include both change and continuity from the past. Many people have difficulty understanding the relationship between continuity and change; this article will try to provide some useful guidance. Similarly, satisfactory comprehension of the connection between theory and practice is frequently missing. These deficiencies in intellectual grasp can be important and damaging to national security.
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Will Iran Give Up Twenty Percent Enrichment? Federation of American Scientists (FAS), July 22, 2010
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| Will Iran Give Up Twenty Percent Enrichment? Federation of American Scientists (FAS), July 22, 2010 |
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Since February, Iran has been enriching uranium to concentrations of 20 percent U-235. This is a troubling development because a stockpile of 130 kg or so of 20 percent enriched uranium would reduce by more than
half Iran’s time to a bomb. This possibility understandably worries the major powers and escalates tensions. Continuing 20 percent enrichment calls into question all approaches to a resolution of the Iranian nuclear issue. A key unknown is whether Tehran will stop the higher enrichment and, if so, under what circumstances.
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Succeeding in Afghanistan. The Henry Jackson Society, 2010
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| Succeeding in Afghanistan. The Henry Jackson Society, 2010 |
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The conflict in Afghanistan can and must be won. The purpose
of this report is to explicate the strategy currently in place; to argue why it is the right one; and to emphasise that success in Afghanistan is not just a humanitarian imperative, but a strategic one also. The worst option that the governments of Coalition forces could therefore take is to pledge an unconditional withdrawal from Afghanistan without understanding that the current strategy is both viable and necessary.
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Afganistan. Mid Year Report on Protection of Civilians. UNAMA, August 2010
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| Afganistan. Mid Year Report on Protection of Civilians. UNAMA, August 2010 |
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The human cost of the armed conflict in Afghanistan is escalating in 2010. In the first six months of the year civilian casualties – including deaths and injuries of civilians -increased by 31 per cent over the same period in 2009. Three quarters of all civilian casualties were linked to Anti-Government Elements (AGEs), an increase of 53 per cent from 2009. At the same time, civilian casualties attributed to Pro-Government Forces (PGF) decreased by 30 per cent compared to the first half of 2009.
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Counterinsurgency in Pakistan. Rand Corporation, 2010
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| Counterinsurgency in Pakistan. Rand Corporation, 2010 |
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This document examines the evolution of militancy in Pakistan, assesses Pakistan's efforts to counter militants, and offers a range of policy recommendations.
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General David H. Petraeus, Nominee for Commander, International Security Assistance Force, and Commander, U.S. Forces Afghanistan. United States Senate Armed Services Committee, June 20, 2010
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| General David H. Petraeus, Nominee for Commander, International Security Assistance Force, and Commander, U.S. Forces Afghanistan. United States Senate Armed Services Committee, June 20, 2010 |
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In my position as Commander, US Central Command, I was part of a group that included the President and his national security team that engaged in an extensive review of our options, mission, and objectives in Afghanistan. The review process involved multiple sessions with the President, in which we discussed and challenged the assumptions underlying the strategy in Afghanistan. Additionally, the process included a review of the situation in Pakistan, which is closely related to the situation in Afghanistan. While participating in each of these sessions, I offered to the President my best professional military advice.
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NATO 2020: Assured security; Dynamic engagement. NATO Private Office of the Secretary General, May 17, 2010
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| NATO 2020: Assured security; Dynamic engagement. NATO Private Office of the Secretary General, May 17, 2010 |
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Please find attached the analysis and recommendations for NATO’s new Strategic Concept which I have received from the Group of Experts appointed by me last August to undertake this exercise. As you know, the Chair and Vice-Chair of
the Group of Experts, Secretary Albright and Jeroen van der Veer, together with their fellow members of the Group, will present this report to the North Atlantic Council at our meeting next Monday 17 May. The report will then be released to the public following my press conference with Secretary Albright. Until its release to the public, it
is important that this report remain embargoed. I therefore request the cooperation of delegations in this matter.
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NATO, new allies and reassurance. Centre for European Reform, May 2010
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| NATO, new allies and reassurance. Centre for European Reform, May 2010 |
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NATO today spends too little time studying and assessing security risks, thinking about ways to defuse potential crises, and developing the means to react in the event of a conflict close to home. Some of its members worry that the alliance will not be able to come to their defence in a crisis.
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Project Europe 2030. Challenges and Opportunities. Reflection Group, May 2010
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| Project Europe 2030. Challenges and Opportunities. Reflection Group, May 2010 |
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Since the end of the Cold War, the speed and scope of
change has been breathtaking. The last twenty years have left nothing untouched: how we work, how we consume, how we travel, how we relate to each other, the reasons we empathise, the issues that scare us have all been transformed. And most of these changes have caught us by surprise. The global financial crisis is only the latest in a series of events which have shaken our convictions and belief systems. For the first time in Europe's recent history there is widespread fear that today’s children will be less well off than their parents’ generation. Today, we live an age of insecurity.
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STRATCON 2010: An Alliance for a Global Century. Atlantic Council, April 2010
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| STRATCON 2010: An Alliance for a Global Century. Atlantic Council, April 2010 |
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NATO’s purpose has three key elements: to embody the mutual commitment to the protection and defense of allies in the event of an attack; to help resolve international crises when invited; and to cooperate with others to resolve common security threats. The overriding goal of the Alliance is to make NATO citizens feel safe. NATO safeguards the freedom, common heritage and civilization of the Alliance, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law, and promotes transatlantic security and wellbeing based on the preservation of peace and stability in areas vital to those ends. NATO is thus a twenty-first century security alliance and the transatlantic security forum combining political and military power.
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The Perfect Handshake with Iran. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2010
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| The Perfect Handshake with Iran. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2010 |
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The iranian elite do nor share a common view on engagement with the international community or the United States. Indeed, one of the Islamic Republic’s abiding features has been disagreement about the country’s direction and political ground rules. That said, until the June 2009 election, the Office of the Supreme Leader had handled these divisions relatively well, often by manipulating the electoral system or creating new political structures. But the circles around Ayatollah Ali Khamenei have gradually been depopulated as he pushes away those he does not completely trust. Consequently, radicals have filled his shrinking inner circle, exacerbating his isolation and further eroding his legitimacy.
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The New START Treaty: Central Limits and Key Provisions. CRS Report for Congress, May 3, 2010
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| The New START Treaty: Central Limits and Key Provisions. CRS Report for Congress, May 3, 2010 |
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START—on April 8, 2010. This treaty is designed to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START), which expired, after 15 years of implementation, on December 5, 2009. New START will enter into force when the U.S. Senate provides its advice and consent to ratification and the Russian Parliament approves the Treaty. When it enters into force, New START will supersede the 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (known as the Moscow Treaty), which was slated to remain in force until the end of 2012. New START provides the parties with 7 years to reduce their forces, and will remain in force for a total of 10 years.
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Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan. Report to Congress, April 2010
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| Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan. Report to Congress, April 2010 |
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This report to Congress is submitted consistent with section 1230 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110-181), as amended by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010. It includes a description of the comprehensive strategy of the United States for security and stability in Afghanistan. This report is the fifth in a series of reports required every 180 days through fiscal year 2010 and has been prepared in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Director of National Intelligence, the Attorney General, the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of the Treasury.
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Global Zero: An Israeli Vision of Realistic Idealism. Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2010
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| Global Zero: An Israeli Vision of Realistic Idealism. Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2010 |
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Trying to portray the Israeli outlook on a nuclear-free world presents a formidable challenge. The issue is not merely the inability to access the inner thoughts of the government, considering that no official statements on the issue are available. More fundamentally, the challenge is to validly portray a national view on an issue that has not really captured the attention of the Israeli government, let alone yielded a coherent policy formulation on it. It is, however, feasible to reflect on some factors that may explain why the renewed international interest in a nuclear-weapons-free world has thus far failed to register in Israel.
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China’s Perspective on a Nuclear-Free World. Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2010
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| China’s Perspective on a Nuclear-Free World. Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2010 |
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A new wave of interest in the complete elimination of nuclear weapons is washing over international security institutions. Although the goal of a nuclear-weapons-free world is as old as the nuclear age, it seems more serious
and urgent now, especially after President Barack Obama’s remarks in Prague, where he renewed the U.S. commitment to a nuclear-free world and laid out a road map to achieve this goal.
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The Illogic of Zero. Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2010
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| The Illogic of Zero. Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2010 |
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Throughout 2009, proponents of the abolition of nuclear weapons were unlucky. Almost each time they tried to make their case on the international scene, the real world came to haunt them. On April 5, 2009, North Korea tested a long-range missile just a few hours before President Barack
Obama delivered a major speech in Prague, disclosing his vision of a nuclearweapons-free world.
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The United States, NATO and the European Union: Partnership in the Balance. Atlantic Council, November 18, 2009
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| The United States, NATO and the European Union: Partnership in the Balance. Atlantic Council, November 18, 2009 |
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The drafters of the new Strategic Concept for NATO
must realize that the transatlantic context in which
the Alliance operates has changed fundamentally.
Accordingly, in addition to improving NATO-EU relations
and streamlining the NATO apparatus, basic changes in
the organization of transatlantic relations overall are
required, taking into account two major developments.
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Nuclear weapons after the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), April 2010
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| Nuclear weapons after the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), April 2010 |
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The NPT remains a central pillar in the global quest to prevent a destabilising armament competition and nuclear war. Negotiation of the treaty was concluded in 1968 and the document entered into force on 5 March 1970. It was constructed around three interlocking principles, namely nuclear non-proliferation, cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and nuclear disarmament.
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The Challenge: NATO in the Realm of new geopolitical Realities. Atlantic Council, February 2010
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| The Challenge: NATO in the Realm of new geopolitical Realities. Atlantic Council, February 2010 |
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Should NATO remain primarily a collective defense
alliance or should it be transformed into a worldwide
security provider? This question lies at the core of
the debate in allied capitals as NATO develops its next
Strategic Concept. New security challenges, as well as
NATO’s military operations in Afghanistan, suggest that the
pressure for change has become irresistible.
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A New Transatlantic Compact. Atlantic Council, December 2009
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| A New Transatlantic Compact. Atlantic Council, December 2009 |
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Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, NATO
stands at a crossroads. Will it reinvent itself yet again, to serve as the foundation for the security and defense of Europe and North America in a world of diverse, non-conventional threats, many of which come from outside of Europe? Will it return to a passive, geographically defined approach of protecting the territory of European Allies against armed attack? Will it merge these visions into a new hybrid? Will it retain the political will and resource commitments of its members, whether in Europe or North America?
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Deterrence and Defense in “The Second Nuclear Age”. Northrop Grumman Corporation, March 2009
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| Deterrence and Defense in “The Second Nuclear Age”. Northrop Grumman Corporation, March 2009 |
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The United States, the other sovereign members of the nuclear club, and a number of would-be proliferators have now entered what has been described as the “second nuclear
age.” This paper examines the deterrence and defense requirements presented by this new age, arguing for the value to be gained through their integration. Offense-defense integration will provide to national decision-makers timely and informed choices of security options needed to address the spectrum of conflict likely to unfold within the second nuclear age.
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Obama’s Foreign Policy. Policy Review, April – May 2010
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| Obama’s Foreign Policy. Policy Review, April – May 2010 |
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American foreign policy swings like a pendulum. Under President George W. Bush, U.S. foreign policy promoted a democracy agenda, used force readily to buttress and at times even displace diplomacy, championed free markets, and risked if not relished unilateralism. Under President Barrack Obama, U.S. foreign policy has swung decisively in the opposite direction.
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Dueling Doctrines: Mullen vs. Powell? Or Mullen & Powell vs. Rumsfeld? RAND Corporation, March 17, 2010
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| Dueling Doctrines: Mullen vs. Powell? Or Mullen & Powell vs. Rumsfeld? RAND Corporation, March 17, 2010 |
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Reflecting changes in the American approach to counterinsurgency, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen recently enunciated a new and apparently more restrained doctrine for the use of armed force. But was his March 3 speech at Kansas State University really a repudiation of the so-called Powell Doctrine?
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Analysis: A Global V.I.R.U.S of Instability. Foreign Policy Association, April 9, 2010
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| Analysis: A Global V.I.R.U.S of Instability. Foreign Policy Association, April 9, 2010 |
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Venezuela, Iran, and Russia constitute a VIRUS of instability that threatens the United States and Western order. This recognition is needed, but the US should learn from past mistakes and avoid a hard-line path similar to the one that resulted from branding “axis of evil.”
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Meeting the challenge of a Proliferated World. Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA), April 2010
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| Meeting the challenge of a Proliferated World. Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA), April 2010 |
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During the early days of the Cold War, an enormous amount of thought was given to the role of nuclear weapons in the overall US defense posture. The reason for this is simple:
nuclear weapons were so destructive that they fundamentally altered the competitiveenvironment. Indeed, for several decades substantial intellectual effort was devoted to
understanding the US-Soviet nuclear competition, which was a defining feature of the Cold War security environment.
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Strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. Council on Foreign Relations, April 2010
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| Strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. Council on Foreign Relations, April 2010 |
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The international nuclear nonproliferation regime—the principal objective of which is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons—is under severe strain. The North Korean and Iranian nuclear programs have exploited and underscored weaknesses in the regime that must be fixed if it is to serve its purpose. Those weaknesses are both structural—
ambiguities and limitations in the current rules—and result from a failure to enforce the rules that exist.
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Obama et les armes nucléaires: la politique des (tous) petits pas. Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, Avril 2010
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| Obama et les armes nucléaires: la politique des (tous) petits pas. Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, Avril 2010 |
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Barack Obama est un homme déterminé mais prudent et réfléchi, qui fait souvent prévaloir ses responsabilités d’homme d’Etat sur ses inclinations personnelles. On sait maintenant qu’il a appliqué cette méthode au domaine nucléaire, au risque de décevoir nombre de ses partisans. Ni le traité de Prague (« New START ») ni la nouvelle posture nucléaire nationale (« Nuclear Posture Review ») ne sont des actes révolutionnaires. Ils se situent largement dans la continuité des politiques nucléaires des administrations Bush père, Clinton et Bush fils.
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Keeping the lid on: Nuclear security and the Washington summit. BASIC, April 7, 2010
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| Keeping the lid on: Nuclear security and the Washington summit. BASIC, April 7, 2010 |
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In his Prague speech in April 2009 President Obama raised the profile of nuclear security issues. At the following G8 L’Aquila summit, he declared his intention to host a major Summit on nuclear security in Washington DC. The summit will take place on 12-13 April 2010. Representatives of over
40 countries will attend it, including some not signed up to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, such as Israel, India and Pakistan.
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Considering NATO’s Tactical Nuclear Weapons after the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review. BASIC Backgrounder, April 7, 2010
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| Considering NATO’s Tactical Nuclear Weapons after the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review. BASIC Backgrounder, April 7, 2010 |
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The moment the Allies have been waiting for is here. A comprehensive discussion around the future posture of the Alliance had been held back as governments awaited the verdict of the Obama Administration’s release of the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review (NPR). The NPR has been published, and it explicitly leaves open all options for NATO allies to consider. Now NATO can freely move ahead with its Strategic Concept review, which is to be completed when the Allies meet at the next NATO Summit, in Lisbon next fall.
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Article 5 and Strategic Reassurance. Atlantic Council Strategic Advisors Group, February 2010
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| Article 5 and Strategic Reassurance. Atlantic Council Strategic Advisors Group, February 2010 |
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As a declaration of strategic reassurance, Article 5
of the Washington Treaty could hardly be clearer:
“an armed attack against one [of the allies]…
shall be considered an attack against them all and … if
such an armed attack occurs, each of them … will assist
the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith,
individually and in concert with the other Parties, such
action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed
force, to restore and maintain the security of the North
Atlantic area.”
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NATO Reform and decision-making. Atlantic Council Strategic Advisors Group, February 2010
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| NATO Reform and decision-making. Atlantic Council Strategic Advisors Group, February 2010 |
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NATO is often seen to be too slow, lumbering and
under-performing. Mainly, the problems reflect underlying
political disagreement and under-investment rather
than inefficiencies in the decision processes. But some
aspects of the way NATO does business are badly out-ofdate
and should be reformed. We should not allow
organizational failings to provide an excuse for weak
support of NATO policies.
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NATO, Russia and European security. Centre for European Reform, November 2009
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| NATO, Russia and European security. Centre for European Reform, November 2009 |
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How should NATO react to a resurgent Russia? Countries in
Europe’s north and east worry that Moscow is blundering into a confrontation with the alliance, and they have demanded that NATO start drafting contingency plans and hold exercises to rehearse a possible war. Their calls predate, but have intensified since the conflict between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, which scared allies in Central Europe in particular. Their concerns are partly shared by countries in Europe’s north, like Norway.
Many of its defence experts fear that Moscow may use military force to assert control over the Arctic’s energy resources.
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What should NATO’s new strategic concept say about Russia? Centre for European Reform, March 9, 2010
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| What should NATO’s new strategic concept say about Russia? Centre for European Reform, March 9, 2010 |
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Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, NATO has strived to reduce mutual suspicions with Russia and to build a more co-operative relationship. So it is vexing that 20 years on, Russia continues to view NATO as a hostile alliance. Moscow competes with NATO for influence in Eastern Europe, it seeks to halt NATO’s eastward enlargement and its recent security proposals for a new European security architecture were aimed in part at weakening NATO's role in European security. Moscow’s policy worries the Central European members of NATO, who have been demanding that the alliance draft defensive plans for the unlikely, but not unthinkable, possibility of a conflict with Russia.
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Nuclear Posture Review. Department of Defense, April 2010
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| Nuclear Posture Review. Department of Defense, April 2010 |
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In his April 2009 speech in Prague, President Obama highlighted 21st century nuclear dangers, declaring that to overcome these grave and growing threats, the United States will “seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.” He recognized that such an ambitious goal
could not be reached quickly – perhaps, he said, not in his lifetime.
But the President expressed his determination to take concrete steps toward that goal, including by reducing the number of nuclear weapons and their role in U.S. national security strategy. At the same time, he pledged that as long
as nuclear weapons exist, the United States will maintain a safe, secure, and effective arsenal, both to deter
potential adversaries and to assure U.S. allies and other security partners that they can count on America’s
security commitments.
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Speech by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen. NATO, March 12, 2010
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| Speech by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen. NATO, March 12, 2010 |
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It is a distinct pleasure for me to be here today in Warsaw and to participate in this third annual international conference on NATO organised by the Centre for International Relations. We have had many conferences on the new Strategic Concept in recent months.
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How to embarrass NATO. Centre for Strategic Studies, February 12, 2010
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| How to embarrass NATO. Centre for Strategic Studies, February 12, 2010 |
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What NATO Secretary General Fogh Rasmussen asks the Dutch government is to contribute a new, smaller mission, focused on training, until 1 August 2011. Our lead role will end and otherwise we will continue to do a little less of what we were doing and a little more training. Rasmussen promises that another nation, “with which the Netherlands is familiar working,” will take over the lead responsibility for Uruzgan on 1 August 2010. Diplomatic sources I contacted wonder who that could be. Americans, Canadians and Brits are busy fighting the Taliban in Helmand.
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Secretary Gates' Remarks to NATO Strategic Concept Seminar. Real Clear World, February 23, 2010
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| Secretary Gates' Remarks to NATO Strategic Concept Seminar. Real Clear World, February 23, 2010 |
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And my thanks also to Allied Command Transformation and the National Defense University for hosting this seminar. I can think of no better setting for a discussion of the future of the transatlantic alliance than an institution like this one, devoted to educating a new generation of national-security leaders.
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The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War. RAND Corporation, 2010
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| The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War. RAND Corporation, 2010 |
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Close to seven years after the invasion of Iraq, the Middle East is a region in flux. Regardless of the outcome in Iraq, the ongoing conflict has shaped the surrounding strategic landscape in ways that are likely to be felt for decades to come.
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The Pain in Spain. As its economy goes down the drain. Weekly Standard, April 5 - April 12, 2010
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| The Pain in Spain. As its economy goes down the drain. Weekly Standard, April 5 - April 12, 2010 |
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A survey taken a few weeks ago found that 60 percent of young people in Spain A want to work for the government. You wouldn’t think this was possible. A decade and a half ago, the country’s conservative prime minister, José María Aznar, began to deregulate the system he inherited from the socialist Felipe González and tightened the country’s budget to allow it to join the new European currency.
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EIDHR: Additional European Funding for Mideast Conflict Groups. NGO Monitor, March 16, 2010
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| EIDHR: Additional European Funding for Mideast Conflict Groups. NGO Monitor, March 16, 2010 |
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The European Commission provides millions of euros annually to Israeli, Palestinian, and European NGOs that are active in the Arab-Israeli conflict (see the NGO Monitor report Europe's Hidden Hand). One of the mechanisms for NGO funding is the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR).
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Alliance Reborn: An Atlantic Compact for the 21st Century. Atlantic Council of the United States et al, February 2009
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| Alliance Reborn: An Atlantic Compact for the 21st Century. Atlantic Council of the United States et al, February 2009 |
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We have an open but fleeting moment to forge a more effective Atlantic partnership. We must seize it now. European and North American allies have allowed their relations to become discordant, yet the times demand vigor and unity. Courageous decisions need to breathe new life and relevance into the Atlantic partnership, which must be recast to tackle a diverse range of serious challenges at home and abroad.
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Five Myths About Afghanistan. Brookings, March 22, 2010
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| Five Myths About Afghanistan. Brookings, March 22, 2010 |
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The war in Afghanistan is in its ninth year, and even officials supportive of the U.S. presence there acknowledge the challenges that remain. "People still need to understand there is some very hard fighting and very hard days ahead," Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates said during his trip to Afghanistan this week.
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Address by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at AIPAC. March 22, 2010
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| Address by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at AIPAC. March 22, 2010 |
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As the world faces monumental challenges, I know that Israel and America will face them together. We stand together because we are fired by the same ideals and inspired by the same dream - the dream of achieving security, prosperity and peace.
This dream seemed impossible to many Jews a century ago.
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NATO: A Strategic Concept for Transatlantic Security. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, October 22, 2009
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| NATO: A Strategic Concept for Transatlantic Security. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, October 22, 2009 |
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NATO has undergone a remarkable transformation since the end of the Cold War. Not only has the alliance persisted despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, but it has redefined its core purposes, extending democracy and stability into Central Europe, bringing peace to the Balkans, playing a major role in the effort to stabilize Afghanistan, and building a host of strategic partnerships in the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions.
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NATO: A Strategic Concept for Transatlantic Security. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, October 22, 2009
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| NATO: A Strategic Concept for Transatlantic Security. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, October 22, 2009 |
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As my last assignment on active duty – ending on the 2nd of july this year – was as the Supreme Allied Commander of Operational NATO Forces -- i will initially focus my comments on the military perspective of the strategic concept that is to be developed by nato over the coming year – followed by addressing other key nato issues that i believe may be germane to this committee’s areas of interests.
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NATO’s New Strategic Concept – A Few Thoughts Related to Russia.Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 7, 2009
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| NATO’s New Strategic Concept – A Few Thoughts Related to Russia.Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 7, 2009 |
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was built to protect the security of its member states, and has evolved, alongside the European Union, into a premier pillar of European security. Twenty years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, however, there is one major piece of unfinished
post-Cold War business: fitting the former Soviet lands into a pan-European security framework.
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A Growing Terrorist Threat? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CIS), March 2010
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| A Growing Terrorist Threat? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CIS), March 2010 |
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The five “cases” discussed in this paper—which were part of a larger trend of heightened domestic extremism during 2009—proved so unsettling, in part, because they seemed to contradict much of the recent thinking concerning radicalization and terrorism in the United States. Both policymakers and the public have tended to classify extremist violence as a problem with origins outside
the United States. This trend gained momentum after the September 11, 2001, attacks, when President George W. Bush invoked the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars as part and parcel of the United States’ counterterrorism strategy. As the president said in a June 2005 speech, we were focused on
“taking the fight to the terrorists abroad, so we don’t have to face them here at home.”
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Spain: Government funding for NGOs promoting the Palestinian narrative. NGO Monitor, March 10, 2010
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| Spain: Government funding for NGOs promoting the Palestinian narrative. NGO Monitor, March 10, 2010 |
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• Spanish government funding to Israeli, Palestinian, and Spanish NGOs is primarily provided through the Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID), a subdivision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Spanish Cooperation Office in Jerusalem oversees projects funded through AECID.
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The Future of NATO. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), February 2010
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| The Future of NATO. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), February 2010 |
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If the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) did not exist today,
the United States would not seek to create it. In 1949, it made sense
in the face of a potential Soviet invasion to forge a bond in the North
Atlantic area among the United States, Canada, and the west European
states. Today, if the United States were starting from scratch in a world
of transnational threats, the debate would be over whether to follow liberal
and neoconservative calls for an alliance of democracies without
regard to geography or to develop a great power concert envisioned by
the realists to uphold the current order.
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Germany opens Pandora's Box. Centre for European Reform, February 2010
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| Germany opens Pandora's Box. Centre for European Reform, February 2010 |
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The agreement that brought Germany’s ruling parties into coalition in November 2009 committed Chancellor Angela Merkel’s government to “the withdrawal of all US nuclear weapons from Germany”. Senior Americans close to President Barack Obama are said to be similarly advocating the elimination of nuclear weapons stationed in NATO countries. We believe these steps would be damaging, both to Germany
and the alliance as a whole.
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Vision américaine de l’OTAN. Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, January 2010
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| Vision américaine de l’OTAN. Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, January 2010 |
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Pendant quarante ans, la conception américaine de l’Alliance atlantique se confondait largement avec celle de l’Europe. Mais après 1990, la place de l’Europe dans la vision de la sécurité américaine a nettement changé, passant de théâtre central de la Guerre froide à un point d’appui d’une stratégie focalisée sur le « Grand Moyen-Orient ». Si le rôle de l’OTAN en Europe en a été profondément affecté, le changement principal de ces deux dernières décennies a été l’extension des activités de l’Alliance loin de son territoire. La stabilisation du continent et l’élargissement de la « communauté euroatlantique » ont en effet conduit les États-Unis à attendre de leurs partenaires une coopération active à leur nouvelle conception de la sécurité internationale. Mais, alors que l’Alliance a fêté son 60e anniversaire, le bilan mitigé de cette entreprise de transformation entretient les discussions sur l’utilité de l’OTAN pour les États-Unis.
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