Europeanization is a concept predominantly concerned with the domestic impact of the EU whilst less concerned with its historical foundations and wider geographical reach. By forwarding a Historical Sociological conceptualization of Europeanization it is revealed that the concept suffers from fundamental problems relating to historical and geographical scope, to uncertainty about which causal relationships to explain, and that it is based on implicit but unsustainable assumptions. This article challenges the assumption that Europeanization is based on ideas endogenous to Europe and is an activity preserved for Europeans. It suggests that ‘Europeanization’ can be conceptualized as several social processes involving different agents, structures, processes and conceptions of ‘self’ and ‘other’, and that Europeans have been more on the receiving end of ideational diffusion than promoters of a European norm set. By employing a Historical Sociological perspective it is revealed that before Europeans could ‘Europeanize’ either in or from Europe, they not only had to develop a European identity through a process of ideational diffusion to Europe, but the idea set which is today regarded as ‘European’ was diffused from the United States and stands in complete contrast to ideas previously also regarded as European.

Desde el mes de marzo de hace cincuenta años, este continente ha recorrido un largo camino, que ha llevado a la reconciliación de los dos «pulmones», oriente y occidente, unidos por una historia común, pero arbitrariamente divididos por una cortina de injusticia. La integración económica ha alentado la política y ha favorecido la búsqueda, que todavía tiene lugar con fatiga, de una estructura institucional adecuada para una Unión Europea que ya cuenta con 27 países y aspira a convertirse en un actor global en el mundo.

Durante siglos Europa ha sido una idea, una esperanza de paz y entendimiento. Esta esperanza se ha hecho realidad. La unificación europea nos ha procurado paz y bienestar, ha cimentado nuestra comunidad y superado nuestras contradicciones. Cada miembro ha contribuido a unificar Europa y a fortalecer la democracia y el Estado de Derecho. Gracias al ansia de libertad de las gentes de Europa Central y Oriental, hoy se ha superado definitivamente la división artificial de Europa. Con la unificación europea hemos demostrado haber aprendido la lección de las confrontaciones sangrientas y de una historia llena de sufrimiento. Hoy vivimos juntos, de una manera que nunca fue posible en el pasado.

Theory and practice diverge sharply. Europeans claim to have given up their old national identities, but have they really?